What term describes the removal of mineral-bearing ore from surface excavations?

The term that describes the removal of mineral-bearing ore from surface excavations is "open-pit mining." This method involves digging large, open holes or pits in the ground to access the minerals located beneath the surface. It is a highly effective technique for extracting large amounts of ore as it allows for the removal of extensive layers of soil and rock to reach the valuable resources below.

Open-pit mining is characterized by its gradual descent into the earth, which allows for the creation of terraced levels that enable the safe movement of equipment and personnel. This type of mining is particularly useful for minerals that are located close to the surface and requires a lower level of technical expertise compared to some underground mining methods.

Surface mining generally refers to the broader category of mining techniques that involve extracting minerals from the earth's surface. While this term is also accurate, it encompasses various methods, including open-pit mining and others like strip mining or mountaintop removal. Therefore, while surface mining describes the overall process, "open-pit mining" specifies the particular type of surface mining where the technique primarily involves the creation of a pit for extraction.

Tunneling is associated with underground mining and involves excavating tunnels to reach ore deposits, unlike open-pit mining, which focuses